Clinical examination for PAI: Inspection Colour Skin changes - shiny, scaly, dry ("atrophic"), loss hair, thickened nails, atrophy subcutaneous tissue, muscle mass ulcer / gangrene (necrosis) Palpation cold (cf. other side) ulcer - painful pulses - reduced or absent capillary refill time (CRT) (normal is < 2 seconds) Buerger's postural test (elevate limbs and see … Continue reading Peripheral Arterial Insufficiency (PAI)