General
- dyspnoea – especially on exertion
- cyanosis
- clubbing
Expansion
- reduced
Auscultation
- fine, late, or pan-inspiratory crackles
Signs of connective tissue disease
- rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
- systemic lupus erythematosus
- systemic sclerosis
- Sjogren’s syndrome
- polymyositis / dermatomyositis
Pulmonary fibrosis – causes:
- upper lobe – SCAT
- silicosis (PMF), sarcoidosis
- coal-worker’s pneumoconiosis (PMF)
- ankylosing spondylitis
- allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
- tuberculosis
- lower lobe – RASH
- rheumatoid arthritis
- asbestosis
- scleroderma
- Hamman Rich syndrome (acute interstitial pneumonia) + other idiopathic fibrosing alveolitis
- both lobes
- radiation
- drugs
- busulphan
- bleomycin
- nitrofurantoin
- hydralazine
- methotrexate
- amiodarone
